The Sixteen Defilements of the Mind

Majjhima Nikaya 7 - Vatthupama Sutta

Thus have I heard.  Once the Blessed One was staying at Savatthi, in Jeta's Grove, Anathapindika's monastery. There he addressed the monks thus: "Monks." — "Venerable sir," they replied.

 
The Blessed One said this:

"Monks, suppose a cloth were stained and dirty, and a dyer dipped it in some dye or other, whether blue or yellow or red or pink, it would take the dye badly and be impure in color.  And why is that? Because the cloth was not clean. So too, monks, when the mind is defiled, an unhappy destination [in a future existence] may be expected.

"Monks, suppose a cloth were clean and bright, and a dyer dipped it in some dye or other, whether blue or yellow or red or pink, it would take the dye well and be pure in color.  And why is that? Because the cloth was clean. So too, monks, when the mind is undefiled, a happy destination [in a future existence] may be expected.

"And what, monks, are the defilements of the mind?"
(1) Covetousness and unrighteous greed are a defilement of the mind; 
(2) ill-will is a defilement of the mind; 
(3) anger is a defilement of the mind; 
(4) hostility is a defilement of the mind; 
(5) denigration is a defilement of the mind; 
(6) domineering is a defilement of the mind; 
(7) envy is a defilement of the mind; 
(8) jealousy is a defilement of the mind; 
(9) hypocrisy is a defilement of the mind; 
(10) fraud is a defilement of the mind; 
(11) obstinacy is a defilement of the mind; 
(12) presumption is a defilement of the mind; 
(13) conceit is a defilement of the mind; 
(14) arrogance is a defilement of the mind; 
(15) vanity is a defilement of the mind; 
(16) negligence is a defilement of the mind.

"Knowing, monks, covetousness and unrighteous greed to be a defilement of the mind, the monk abandons them. 

Knowing ill-will to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. 
Knowing anger to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. Knowing hostility to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. Knowing denigration to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. 
Knowing domineering to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. Knowing envy to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. Knowing jealousy to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. 
Knowing hypocrisy to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. Knowing fraud to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. Knowing obstinacy to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. 
Knowing presumption to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. 

Knowing conceit to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. Knowing arrogance to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. 
Knowing vanity to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it. Knowing negligence to be a defilement of the mind, he abandons it.

"When in the monk who thus knows that covetousness and unrighteous greed are a defilement of the mind, this covetousness and unrighteous greed have been abandoned; 

When in him who thus knows that ill will is a defilement of the mind, this ill will has been abandoned;... when in him who thus knows that negligence is a defilement of the mind, this negligence has been abandoned —

— he thereupon gains unwavering confidence in the Buddha thus: 'Thus indeed is the Blessed One: he is accomplished, fully enlightened, endowed with [clear] vision and [virtuous] conduct, sublime, knower of the worlds, the incomparable guide of men who are tractable, the teacher of gods and men, enlightened and blessed.'

— he gains unwavering confidence in the Dhamma thus: 'Well proclaimed by the Blessed One is the Dhamma, realizable here and now, possessed of immediate result, bidding you come and see, 
accessible and knowable individually by the wise.

— he gains unwavering confidence in the Sangha thus: 'The Sangha of the Blessed One's disciples has entered on the good way, has entered on the straight way, has entered on the true way, 
has entered on the proper way; that is to say, the four pairs of men, the eight types of persons; this Sangha of the Blessed One's disciples is worthy of gifts, worthy of hospitality, worthy of offerings, worthy of reverential salutation, the incomparable field of merit for the world.'

"When he has given up, renounced, let go, abandoned and relinquished [the defilements] in part, he knows: 'I am endowed with unwavering confidence in the Buddha... in the Dhamma... in the Sangha;  and he gains enthusiasm for the goal, gains enthusiasm for the Dhamma, gains gladness connected with the Dhamma. When he is gladdened, joy is born in him; being joyous in mind, 
his body becomes tranquil; his body being tranquil, he feels happiness; and the mind of him who is happy becomes concentrated.

"He knows: 'I have given up, renounced, let go, abandoned and relinquished [the defilements] in part'; and he gains enthusiasm for the goal, gains enthusiasm for the Dhamma, gains gladness connected with the Dhamma. When he is gladdened, joy is born in him; being joyous in mind, his body becomes tranquil; when his body is tranquil, he feels happiness;  and the mind of him who is happy becomes concentrated.

"If, monks, a monk of such virtue, such concentration and such wisdom eats almsfood consisting of choice hill-rice together with various sauces and curries, even that will be no obstacle for him.

"Just as cloth that is stained and dirty becomes clean and bright with the help of pure water, or just as gold becomes clean and bright with the help of a furnace, so too, if a monk of such virtue, such concentration and such wisdom eats almsfood consisting of choice hill-rice together with various sauces and curries, even that will be no obstacle for him.

"He abides, having suffused with a mind of loving-kindness one direction of the world, likewise the second, likewise the third, likewise the fourth, and so above, below, around and everywhere, 
and to all as to himself; he abides suffusing the entire universe with loving-kindness, with a mind grown great, lofty, boundless and free from enmity and ill will.

"He abides, having suffused with a mind of compassion... of sympathetic joy... of equanimity one direction of the world, likewise the second, likewise the third, likewise the fourth, and so above, below, around and everywhere, and to all as to himself; he abides suffusing the entire universe with equanimity, with a mind grown great, lofty, boundless and free from enmity and ill will.

"He understands what exists, what is low, what is excellent, and what escape there is from this [whole] field of perception.

"When he knows and sees in this way, his mind becomes liberated from the canker of sensual desire, liberated from the canker of becoming, liberated from the canker of ignorance. 

When liberated, there is knowledge: 'It is liberated'; and he knows: 'Birth is exhausted, the life of purity has been lived, the task is done, there is no more of this to come.'  Such a monk is called 'one bathed with the inner bathing."

Now at that time the brahman Sundarika Bharadvaja was seated not far from the Blessed One, and he spoke to the Blessed One thus: "But does Master Gotama go to the Bahuka River to bathe?"

"What good, brahman, is the Bahuka River? What can the Bahuka River do?"  "Truly, Master Gotama, many people believe that the Bahuka River gives purification, many people believe that the Bahuka River gives merit.  For in the Bahuka River many people wash away the evil deeds they have done."

Then the Blessed One addressed the brahman Sundarika Bharadvaja in these stanzas:

Bahuka and Adhikakka, 
Gaya and Sundarika, 
Payaga and Sarassati, 
And the stream Bahumati — 
A fool may there forever bathe, Yet will not purify his black deeds.

What can Sundarika bring to pass? 
What can the Payaga and the Bahuka? 
They cannot purify an evil-doer, 
A man performing brutal and cruel acts.

One pure in heart has evermore 
The Feast of Cleansing and the Uposatha; 
One pure in heart who does good deeds 
Has his observances perfect for all times.

It is here, O brahman, that you should bathe 
To make yourself a safe refuge for all beings. 
And if you speak no untruth, 
Nor work any harm for breathing things,

Nor take what is not offered, 
With faith and with no avarice, 
To Gaya gone, what would it do for you? 
Let any well your Gaya be!

When this was said, the brahman Sundarika Bharadvaja spoke thus:

"Magnificent, Master Gotama! Magnificent, Master Gotama! The Dhamma has been made clear in many ways by Master Gotama, as though he were righting the overthrown, revealing the hidden, 
showing the way to one who is lost, or holding up a lamp in the dark for those with eyesight to see forms.

"I go to Master Gotama for refuge, and to the Dhamma, and to the Sangha. May I receive the [first ordination of] going forth under Master Gotama, may I receive the full admission!

And the brahman Sundarika Bharadvaja received the [first ordination of] going forth under the Blessed One, and he received the full admission. And not long after his full admission, 
dwelling alone, secluded, diligent, ardent and resolute, the venerable Bharadvaja by his own realization understood and attained in this very life that supreme goal of the pure life, 
for which men of good family go forth from home life into homelessness. And he had direct knowledge thus: "Birth is exhausted, the pure life has been lived, the task is done, there is no more of this to come."

And the venerable Bharadvaja became one of the Arahants.